Recent advances in semi-supervised learning (SSL) demonstrate that a combination of consistency regularization and pseudo-labeling can effectively improve image classification accuracy in the low-data regime. Compared to classification, semantic segmentation tasks require much more intensive labeling costs. Thus, these tasks greatly benefit from data-efficient training methods. However, structured outputs in segmentation render particular difficulties (e.g., designing pseudo-labeling and augmentation) to apply existing SSL strategies. To address this problem, we present a simple and novel re-design of pseudo-labeling to generate well-calibrated structured pseudo labels for training with unlabeled or weakly-labeled data. Our proposed pseudo-labeling strategy is network structure agnostic to apply in a one-stage consistency training framework. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed pseudo-labeling strategy in both low-data and high-data regimes. Extensive experiments have validated that pseudo labels generated from wisely fusing diverse sources and strong data augmentation are crucial to consistency training for segmentation.

@inproceedings{zou2021pseudoseg,
  title={PseudoSeg: Designing Pseudo Labels for Semantic Segmentation},
  author={Zou, Yuliang and Zhang, Zizhao and Zhang, Han and Li, Chun-Liang and Bian, Xiao and Huang, Jia-Bin and Pfister, Tomas},
  booktitle={International Conference on Learning Representations},
  year={2021}
}